Is Drama Really Reflection of our society..??

WHAT IS DRAMA?

— Drama is a literary composition to be acted by players on a stage before an audience.
— Drama  mostly depend on the development of realistic characters who are dealing with  situations, such as , poverty, corruption, etc.
 —Through movies and television modern drama has become the greatest form of mass entertainment in the world.

 Is the drama really reflection of our society..??

— There was a time when famous Pakistani dramas make the people to sit at homes without moving an inch from their place and watch them. 

•    The roads used to be empty only to watch those dramas without any distraction. Because those all dramas were totally based on Social issues and fine stories with powerful script. 

— These dramas were:

   —Kanch ke par
 —Ainak wala jin
— Toba tak singh.
  Is the drama really reflection of our society..??
— But to days dramas are completely changed!!
—  The part of media has been very heavily commercialized and everybody is after making a 'quick buck'.
 —Women are increasingly shown being brutalized by men – slapped, beaten up and humiliated.
— They are trying to imitate the Indian s dramas too much,  which has affected the quality of their content.
— Now  Pakistani dramas have became more glamorous .
   The living styles shown in dramas, has also became much like Indian culture which is not acceptable in our society.

•  Negative Impact of Drama

— Our society strongly believes in relationships but this culture use these as a source of enjoyment, so the element of respect has completely vanished.
 —The very close relatives i.e. Father, mother, brothers, sisters are the big source of enjoyment for them.
— They  jokes on them and insult on the stage in the front of hundred of people.
 —They compel their sisters to dance and felt  happiness while watching their dance.
Justice  is also treated badly by this culture. 
 —The ideas they present in their plays some time induce negative thinking about the rich people of the society.
 —The poor young people start thinking that there is definitely their right in the wealth of rich people, so there start tension b/w haves and have notes which is the major cause of social disparity.
 —They show them so much cruel and selfish in character, so other element of society start hating rich people. In this way the social justice is disturbed by drama culture.

• The veil (Pardah)

 — The veil (Pardah) is vanished near to its completion.
— The women (mostly the young ladies) come out of their homes with great degree of fashion.
— They feel great pleasure while wearing short and tight cloths.
— The female come on the screen, they sing and dance simultaneously in front of thousands of people.

— The female who have to wear the veil, use the very attractive colors so to induce evils in the society.
Advantages of a Drama

 —It is cheap form of entertainment
 —It gives  refreshment from depression mood.
 —Gives us awareness about the outside world.
— And let us be familiarize with different cultures and backgrounds.
 —Every drama gives you a massage, take that message.

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Diary of a Pakistani schoolgirl

Private schools in Pakistan's troubled north-western Swat district have been ordered to close in a Taleban edict banning girls' education. Militants seeking to impose their austere interpretation of Sharia law have destroyed about 150 schools in the past year. Five more were blown up despite a government pledge to safeguard education, it was reported on Monday. Here a seventh grade schoolgirl from Swat chronicles how the ban has affected her and her classmates. The diary first appeared on BBC Urdu online. THURSDAY JANUARY 15: NIGHT FILLED WITH ARTILLERY FIRE The night was filled with the noise of artillery fire and I woke up three times. But since there was no school I got up later at 10 am. Afterwards, my friend came over and we discussed our homework.  The Taleban have repeatedly targeted schools in Swat Today is 15 January, the last day before the Taleban's edict comes into effect, and my friend was discussing homework as if nothing out of the ordinary had happened. Today, I also read the diary written for the BBC (in Urdu) and published in the newspaper. My mother liked my pen name 'Gul Makai' and said to my father 'why not change her name to Gul Makai?' I also like the name because my real name means 'grief stricken'.  My father said that some days ago someone brought the printout of this diary saying how wonderful it was. My father said that he smiled but could not even say that it was written by his daughter. WEDNESDAY 14 JANUARY: I MAY NOT GO TO SCHOOL AGAIN I was in a bad mood while going to school because winter vacations are starting from tomorrow. The principal announced the vacations but did not mention the date the school was to reopen. This was the first time this has happened. In the past the reopening date was always announced clearly. The principal did not inform us about the reason behind not announcing the school reopening, but my guess was that the Taleban had announced a ban on girls' education from 15 January. This time round, the girls were not too excited about vacations because they knew if the Taleban implemented their edict they would not be able to come to school again. Some girls were optimistic that the schools would reopen in February but others said that their parents had decided to shift from Swat and go to other cities for the sake of their education. Since today was the last day of our school, we decided to play in the playground a bit longer. I am of the view that the school will one day reopen but while leaving I looked at the building as if I would not come here again. FRIDAY 9 JANUARY: THE MAULANA GOES ON LEAVE? Today at school I told my friends about my trip to Bunair. They said that they were sick and tired of hearing the Bunair story. We discussed the rumours about the death of Maulana Shah Dauran, who used to give speeches on FM radio. He was the one who announced the ban on girls attending school. Some girls said that he was dead but others disagreed. The rumours of his death are circulating because he did not deliver a speech the night before on FM radio. One girl said that he had gone on leave. Since there was no tuition on Friday, I played the whole afternoon. I switched on the TV in the evening and heard about the blasts in Lahore. I said to myself 'why do these blasts keep happening in Pakistan?' WEDNESDAY 7 JANUARY: NO FIRING OR FEAR I have come to Bunair to spend Muharram (a Muslim holiday) on vacation. I adore Bunair because of its mountains and lush green fields. My Swat is also very beautiful but there is no peace. But in Bunair there is peace and tranquillity. Neither is there any firing nor any fear. We all are very happy. Today we went to Pir Baba mausoleum and there were lots of people there. People are here to pray while we are here for an excursion. There are shops selling bangles, ear rings, lockets and other artificial jewellery. I thought of buying something but nothing impressed - my mother bought ear rings and bangles. MONDAY 5 JANUARY: DO NOT WEAR COLOURFUL DRESSES I was getting ready for school and about to wear my uniform when I remembered that our principal had told us not to wear uniforms - and come to school wearing normal clothes instead. So I decided to wear my favourite pink dress. Other girls in school were also wearing colourful dresses and the school presented a homely look. Swat has been a centre of militant activity My friend came to me and said, 'for God's sake, answer me honestly, is our school going to be attacked by the Taleban?' During the morning assembly we were told not to wear colourful clothes as the Taleban would object to it. I came back from school and had tuition sessions after lunch. In the evening I switched on the TV and heard that curfew had been lifted from Shakardra after 15 days. I was happy to hear that because our English teacher lived in the area and she might be coming to school now. SUNDAY 4 JANUARY: I HAVE TO GO TO SCHOOL Today is a holiday and I woke up late, around 10 am. I heard my father talking about another three bodies lying at Green Chowk (crossing). I felt bad on hearing this news. Before the launch of the military operation we all used to go to Marghazar, Fiza Ghat and Kanju for picnics on Sundays. But now the situation is such that we have not been out on picnic for over a year and a half. We also used to go for a walk after dinner but now we are back home before sunset. Today I did some household chores, my homework and played with my brother. But my heart was beating fast - as I have to go to school tomorrow. SATURDAY 3 JANUARY: I AM AFRAID I had a terrible dream yesterday with military helicopters and the Taleban. I have had such dreams since the launch of the military operation in Swat. My mother made me breakfast and I went off to school. I was afraid going to school because the Taleban had issued an edict banning all girls from attending schools. Only 11 students attended the class out of 27. The number decreased because of Taleban's edict. My three friends have shifted to Peshawar, Lahore and Rawalpindi with their families after this edict.

a "secret" about barcodes

Did you ever wondered what barcodes mean?
I 'll not say much.
The most common barcode systems are two. EAN and UPC.
EAN meaning European Article Numbering System and is used in most countries including all Europe countries and other.
UPC stands for Universal Product Code and is used in USA and Canada.

This is a EAN bar code which i don't know if it's in use or no but it's okay to tell what I want.

As you noticed it has black and white lines and also some numbers.

The lines are read by machines called Bar Code Readers. But numbers can be read by anyone.

What do these numbers mean?

The meaning is very simple.

#0 and #1 show the product origin and the number coding system of the barcode.

#2 - #6 are the Manufacturer code

#7 - #12 are the product code

#13 is the checksum. It is used to check if the other number were read right. How is it calculate?

To calculate it you simply calculate the sum of even placed numbers (let's say it A) and the odd placed numbers (let's say it B).

Then you find C = A + 3 * B.

The #13 number is the number which you add to C that (C+#13)/10 = 0.

Actually is C%10 (modulo).

how mechanical mouse works?

Mouse allows quick and easy access to many icons and operations on the computer, such as selecting from a list of possible actions (menu), work with Windows and moving files. when you move the mouse, the rubber ball turns and runs two rollers, both associated with wheel with slots. light-emitting diode (LED) sends light through the slits and transducers convert light into an electrical signal. Pressing the button will send additional information to the computer.

The main goal of any mouse is to translate the motion of your hand into signals that the computer can use. Let's take a look inside a track-ball mouse:

 

1. Roller - Roller turns by turning the rubber ball back and forth

2. Rubber Ball - The ball is turning when you run the mouse over the surface3. Moving Roller

4. Slotted wheel - This wheel with the slots associated with vertical rollers.

5. Light emitting diode6. Converter

7. Cable coupling

8. Plastic housing

9. Cable - cable connects the mouse to the computer through input on your computer

10. Chip - The chip processes data from the transducer movement and buttons before it transmits them to computer

11. Right button - The button pressing their work to encourage the chip and the chip sends signals to the computer

12. Roller - This is moved by rotation of Roller balls

1. Wheel with slots - when the wheel rotates, the movement of the slot next to the diode produces light flashes

2. Light-emitting diode (LED) - LED sends light through the slits on the outer edge of the wheel

3. Converter - Converter code flashes of light into electrical signals.

4. Roller Lever - Lever roller transfers spins on the wheel with slits.

Five Generations of Computer

                         Five Generations of Computer

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices

The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers


                                                 

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

           Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as “the study and design of intelligent agents” where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.” The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism, but has also suffered

 setbacks and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science.

AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (or “strong AI”) is still among the field’s long term goals.

Pakistan one Unit

The period of One Unit was one of the darkest era Sindh ever witnessed during the post-Independence period, for Sindh had already suffered the affects of similar system during its 89-year annexation (1847-1936) with the Bombay Presidency. But after Independence, it was in the minds of a group of politicians backed by some vested interests that the resources of Sindh could be exploited on one pretext or the other. 

The scheme of One Unit was not a new one. Right from the inception of Pakistan, vested interests had their eyes on the natural resources of smaller provinces, but till Quaid-i-Azam's death, it was not possible because nobody dared to speak about it. 

The first vague plan of the One Unit was spelt out when on March 2, 1949, Malik Firoz Khan Noon, spoke about it on the floor of the first Constituent Assembly. The next day, Begum Jehan Ara Shahnaz supported it, followed by a flurry of statements for and against it. Chaudhry Mohammed Ali, Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani, Mumtaz Mohammed Khan and some other leaders were in the forefront to see the scheme implemented as soon as possible. Sindh opposed it. But the opposition from politicians was not forceful enough. It was not that the power barons were afraid of any serious uprising from Sindh, but they wanted to retain their hegemony over East Pakistan and kept busy in manipulating various schemes. In 1954, when the Bangla leaders became sure that the West Pakistan leadership wanted to keep the reins of power in their hands by not granting a one-man one-vote right, they became agitative. 

In the meantime, Nazimuddin was dismissed and Mohammad Ali Bogra was nominated as prime minister. The main reason for his replacement was that the Punjab leaders wanted the unpopular decision of forming the One Unit to be implemented through Bogra's pen. In one of the cabinet meetings, Gen Ayub Khan, the then Commander-in-chief and Defence Minister, openly expressed his opinion on the One Unit plan, saying this was his plan and his first attempt would be to make West Pakistan one province, no matter what opposition came in the way. The smaller provinces had their apprehensions and opposed it, but to no avail.In the absence of the Constituent Assembly, the provincial assemblies were the only forums to pave way for the One Unit, and their consent was necessary. The task was personally undertaken by Governor-General Ghulam Mohammed. Everybody knew that it would invite stern antagonism from Sindh only. Agitations began participated by lawyers, students, writers and peasants, while the politicians confined themselves to drawing rooms. 

This was the end of October 1954. Pirzada Abdus Sattar headed the then Sindh government who resented vehemently. Ghulam Mohammed tried to persuade Pirzada, but to no avail. He was aware of the sentiments of the people and did not want to put his political career at stake. But then, there were other options open to Ghulam Mohammed. One was to manipulate the Public Representatives Disqualification Order (PRODA), which had axed Mohammed Ayub Khuhro from politics for four years. He had been a chief minister of Sindh. A shrewd and sturdy politician from Larkana, he was known for his stubbornness and skillful playing of the political arena. 

Ghulam Mohammed's moves worked well for him. He got an assurance from Khuhro that he had his ways and would get the One Unit bill passed by the Sindh Assembly. A deal was struck that in exchange of the One Unit bill, Khuhro would be pardoned of the implications of the PRODA, made Chief Minister of Sindh and a place in the future federal cabinet, in which he was later convicted on charges of corruption by Gen Ayub Khan. 

On Nov 18, 1954, Pir Ali Mohammed Rashdi, the right-hand man of Khuhro announced the scheme of One Unit at a press conference and pledged that any opposition to that would be met with force. Four day later, Prime Minister Mohammed Ali Bogra convened a meeting of Sindh politicians to seek their opinion on the scheme, but no debate was allowed. In the evening, the Prime Minister made a formal announcement on Radio Pakistan that the scheme would be implemented. 

The Governor-General, Ghulam Mohammed, was not afraid of other provinces. The Khairpur state was the first to bow before the centre's will and announce joining the One Unit. The state of Bahawalpur, too, did not bother to wait any longer. On Nov 25, Sardar Abdur Rasheed got the bill through the NWFP Assembly with nominal opposition. Five days later, the Punjab Assembly passed the resolution without any opposition. What Ghulam Mohammed feared was the opposition from Sindh. 

From the day of the announcement of the scheme on Nov 22 by Bogra, agitations began in Sindh, because the people knew what it meant for Sindh and its inhabitants. Its resources, seaport, unexplored resources, manpower and the industrial potential, all qualified for colonization. But at the same time, the youth and aware political workers of Sindh were also conscious. The only tragedy with the Sindhi population was the absence of active politicians in this campaign. Except G.M. Syed, Comrade Haider Bakhsh Jatoi, Comrade Ghulam Mohammed Leghari, students, a few journalists and writers, all politicians kept an untruthful quiet, fearing a backlash in terms of the government's aversion. 

This was the height of disassociation of the politicians. While organizations such as the Sindhi Adabi Sangat and Hari Haqdar opposed the scheme, the politicians of Sindh confined themselves to official circles to ensure their interests. It was only a group of few dedicated workers belonging to G.M. Syed, Jatoi, Leghari and the writers who took the torch. 
The first axe fell upon Al-Wahid, the popular daily newspaper that, in the past, had raised the voice of Sindh in the separation from the Bombay Presidency. The newspaper was closed without even giving a warning. Daily Karwan was the next victim, for it belonged to Haji Najmuddin Sarewal, a minister of the dissolved ministry of Pirzada. A large number of small newspapers and periodicals were also closed down. 

There was only one outspoken political leader, Ghulam Mustafa Bhurguri, against whom Khuhro could not find any excuse for arrest. Agha Ghulam Nabi was arrested from a hotel in Hyderabad. The speaker, Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur, about whom Khuhro was sure that he won't allow the tabling of the One Unit bill, was forced to resign and a casewas registered against him at the police station of Mithi in Tharparkar district. He was arrested and sent to that police station on camel back. 

Khuhro did not want the Sindh Assembly to take up the bill in the assembly's Karachi building, and decided that the session was to be held in Hyderabad, and for that purpose the Darbar Hall located inside the Sessions Court building was chosen. This was the first time that the assembly's session was being held outside the Assembly building. 

Before summoning the session, Khuhro talked to every parliamentary group in the Sindh Assembly and used all kinds of efforts to ensure the passage of the bill without any opposition. Some were offered positions in the government, others were coerced. 

December 11, 1954, was the darkest day in the history of Sindh. This was the day on which the elected representatives of Sindh were going to surrender their will, lose their provincial autonomy and submit their resources to others, and would be ruled from a distance of 1,000kms. 

A very strong posse of police was stationed outside the Sessions Court building. Even inside the court premises, police were deployed to prevent entry of any undesirable people. Khuhro knew that who would be voting against the bill, therefore, specific instructions were given not to allow them entry. These members were also aware that what kind of hounding was following them, therefore they made plans to reach the assembly. Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur did not know about it, and reached the premises. As soon as he stepped out of his car, he was picked up by the cops, thrown into a pick-up and transported to Umerkot. 

Finally, the session began. People did not know how the members would act when the bill would be moved. Perhaps, they had laid hopes that their elected MPAs would reject the bill, but coercion, greed and other methods worked well. Mohammed Ali Jamot, Mir Ali Ahmed Talpur, Qazi Mohammed Akbar, Pir Ali Mohammed Rashdi, Jamal Khan Leghari, Begum Tahira Agha and others spoke on the bill. 

In all, there were 110 members out of which eight abstained or were jailed, four voted against and 98 voted for the bill. In Bahawalpur, the cabinet of Mian Hassan Mehmood was dismissed and the bill gotten through. In NWFP, Sardar Abdur Rasheed did not face any difficulty. In Balochistan, there was no assembly and the assent of the Khan of Kalat was enough. And, of course, there was no issue for Punjab. 

On Oct 14, 1955, One Unit came into being. What followed its formation is not a secret. It gave birth to a number of miseries for the people of smaller provinces, and it was after many years that Gen Yahya Khan dismembered it in 1970, after he felt that it was unjustified.

Computer History

The first computer, or "modern computer" was invented in World War II by a German engineer, Konrad Zuse in 1941 called the Z3. More Info: "I can add some authenticity to this answer. My grandfather was a rocket scientist on Werner Von Braun's team during WWII. He was the technician who actually built the computer described above. It was an analog computer designed to simulate the guidance system for the rockets. It was built in secret because the higher-ups had not given their permission for this project."
After doing some research to answer a question for a scholarship I was applying for I found that Babbage failed to build a complete machine. The most widely accepted reason for this failure is that Victorian mechanical engineering were not sufficiently developed to produce parts with sufficient precision.
It was Konrad Zuse. He invented the z1, z2, z3, z4 and other ones. The z3 was the first fully functional program-controlled electromechanical digital computer in the world-completed in 1941. Charles Babbage just made a mechanical computing machine.
"Who invented the computer?" is not a question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention.
The first electronic computer was invented by Bulgarian John Vincent Ansoff. He named it the Anatasoff Berry Computer, or the ABC. It was the world's first electronic digital computer and built between 1937-42 by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University. It used regenerative memory, parallel processing, binary arithmetic and split computing functions (routines) away from memory use and management.
Now, if we're talking technical knowledge and actual precursors to the PC - IBM may have accidentally spread it around when they allowed cloning of the PC architecture. But they were not the first. [This answer refers to desktop "personal" computers. These were far from the first computers.
These are all pre-IBM machines: MITS ALTAIR 8800, Apple II, TRS80, Atari 800 and the Commodore 64. [This answer refers to desktop "personal" computers. These were far from the first computers.
Purists who claim that the ALTAIR was not the first, will say it was 'Simon' by Berkley Enterprises, 1950, costing $300. [This answer refers to desktop "personal" computers. These were far from the first computers.]
The first completely electronic computer was developed in England in 1943. It was known as Colossus. It took up 1,000 Sq. ft. weighed 30 tons/60,000 pounds. And took 150 kilowatts which is enough power to light up a small town.
The first computer was developed by Charles Babbage. It was called the Differential and Analytical Engine. The programmer for this computer was Ada Lovelace (first programmer). [Not quite correct. Babbage's Differential Engine was not the same as his Analytical Engine. The Differential Engine came first and was more limited.]
The first working computer (in the modern sense) was invented by Konrad Zuse. But others had created machines or ideas close to it before. These were people like Pascal, Leibnitz and Turing.
The first patent for a working computer (outside the military) was the ENIAC, created by Drs. John Mauchly and Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania in 1952. They formed the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, which was later bought by Remington Rand. Their computer was used in the 1950 census and by Walter Cronkite in the 1952 Presidential election.
The ENIAC patent was declared invalid on October 19, 1973, by US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson. He attributed Atanasoff and Berry with the invention of the electronic digital computer. For more information see the related Link.
Charles Babbage invented the concept of a programmable computer in about 185
It partly depends on what you mean by "computer", but the earliest claim is that Charles Babbage invented the first programmable computer in 1822. The machine was called a "difference engine" and it was intended to generate mathematical tables. This machine contained 25,000 parts and weighed 15 tons. Babbage followed this with a "difference engine 2" which, although well funded, was never completed. Babbage also designed a printer to go along with the computer, but this also was never completed. In 1989-1991, the London science museum made a difference engine 2 and printer from Babbage's design. Both worked perfectly.
This, of course, depends on the definition of "computer". If you define it as the first device for doing mathematical calculations, the answer would be the "Babbage Difference Engine", invented by Charles Babbage but never completely built. However, computers trace their lineage to 19th-century power looms which became "programmable" by use of something akin to a punch-card which was used to determine which color thread would be used at any given time in the loom's weaving process. On an even more basic level, you could consider the first use of cams to determine timing of any mechanism (such as steam engine poppet valves) to be the first "computer".
The first programmable computer was invented by Charles Babbage. It was called the difference engine and was a huge, 2 tonne machine that was told what to do by punched cards.
The inventor of the first computer was John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry but they did not get the credit until about 30 years later because there patent was not complete so some one else took the idea and made one while John and Clifford were called to the military. Later there was a court trial that proved the first computer inventors, John and Clifford. In the end, John did not receive any money for his invention.